qprocess_unix.cpp

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**
** Copyright (C) 2014 Digia Plc and/or its subsidiary(-ies).
** Contact: http://www.qt-project.org/legal
**
** This file is part of the QtCore module of the Qt Toolkit.
**
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** packaging of this file.  Please review the following information to
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** General Public License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software
** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.GPL included in the
** packaging of this file.  Please review the following information to
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//#define QPROCESS_DEBUG
#include "qdebug.h"

#ifndef QT_NO_PROCESS

#if defined QPROCESS_DEBUG
#include "qstring.h"
#include <ctype.h>

/*
    Returns a human readable representation of the first \a len
    characters in \a data.
*/
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
static QByteArray qt_prettyDebug(const char *data, int len, int maxSize)
{
    if (!data) return "(null)";
    QByteArray out;
    for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
        char c = data[i];
        if (isprint(c)) {
            out += c;
        } else switch (c) {
        case '\n': out += "\\n"; break;
        case '\r': out += "\\r"; break;
        case '\t': out += "\\t"; break;
        default:
            QString tmp;
            tmp.sprintf("\\%o", c);
            out += tmp.toLatin1();
        }
    }

    if (len < maxSize)
        out += "...";

    return out;
}
QT_END_NAMESPACE
#endif

#include "qplatformdefs.h"

#include "qprocess.h"
#include "qprocess_p.h"
#include "private/qcore_unix_p.h"

#ifdef Q_OS_MAC
#include <private/qcore_mac_p.h>
#endif

#include <private/qcoreapplication_p.h>
#include <private/qthread_p.h>
#include <qfile.h>
#include <qfileinfo.h>
#include <qlist.h>
#include <qhash.h>
#include <qmutex.h>
#include <qsemaphore.h>
#include <qsocketnotifier.h>
#include <qthread.h>
#include <qelapsedtimer.h>

#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#ifdef Q_OS_QNX
#include "qvarlengtharray.h"

#include <spawn.h>
#include <sys/neutrino.h>
#endif


QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE

// POSIX requires PIPE_BUF to be 512 or larger
// so we will use 512
static const int errorBufferMax = 512;

#ifdef Q_OS_INTEGRITY
static inline char *strdup(const char *data)
{
    return qstrdup(data);
}
#endif

static int qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe[2];
static struct sigaction qt_sa_old_sigchld_handler;
static void qt_sa_sigchld_sigaction(int signum, siginfo_t *info, void *context)
{
    // *Never* use the info or contect variables in this function
    // (except for passing them to the next signal in the chain).
    // We cannot be sure if another library or if the application
    // installed a signal handler for SIGCHLD without SA_SIGINFO
    // and fails to pass the arguments to us. If they do that,
    // these arguments contain garbage and we'd most likely crash.

    qt_safe_write(qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe[1], "", 1);
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    fprintf(stderr, "*** SIGCHLD\n");
#endif

    // load as volatile
    volatile struct sigaction *vsa = &qt_sa_old_sigchld_handler;

    if (qt_sa_old_sigchld_handler.sa_flags & SA_SIGINFO) {
        void (*oldAction)(int, siginfo_t *, void *) = vsa->sa_sigaction;

        if (oldAction)
            oldAction(signum, info, context);
    } else {
        void (*oldAction)(int) = vsa->sa_handler;

        if (oldAction && oldAction != SIG_IGN)
            oldAction(signum);
    }
}

static inline void add_fd(int &nfds, int fd, fd_set *fdset)
{
    FD_SET(fd, fdset);
    if ((fd) > nfds)
        nfds = fd;
}

struct QProcessInfo {
    QProcess *process;
    int deathPipe;
    int exitResult;
    pid_t pid;
    int serialNumber;
};

class QProcessManager : public QThread
{
    Q_OBJECT
public:
    QProcessManager();
    ~QProcessManager();

    void run();
    void catchDeadChildren();
    void add(pid_t pid, QProcess *process);
    void remove(QProcess *process);
    void lock();
    void unlock();

private:
    QMutex mutex;
    QHash<int, QProcessInfo *> children;
};


Q_GLOBAL_STATIC(QMutex, processManagerGlobalMutex)

static QProcessManager *processManager() {
    // The constructor of QProcessManager should be called only once
    // so we cannot use Q_GLOBAL_STATIC directly for QProcessManager
    QMutex *mutex = processManagerGlobalMutex();
    QMutexLocker locker(mutex);
    static QProcessManager processManager;
    return &processManager;
}

QProcessManager::QProcessManager()
{
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug() << "QProcessManager::QProcessManager()";
#endif
    // initialize the dead child pipe and make it non-blocking. in the
    // extremely unlikely event that the pipe fills up, we do not under any
    // circumstances want to block.
    qt_safe_pipe(qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe, O_NONBLOCK);

    // set up the SIGCHLD handler, which writes a single byte to the dead
    // child pipe every time a child dies.

    struct sigaction action;
    // use the old handler as template, i.e., preserve the signal mask
    // otherwise the original signal handler might be interrupted although it
    // was marked to never be interrupted
    ::sigaction(SIGCHLD, NULL, &action);
    action.sa_sigaction = qt_sa_sigchld_sigaction;
    // set the SA_SIGINFO flag such that we can use the three argument handler
    // function
    action.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP | SA_SIGINFO;
    ::sigaction(SIGCHLD, &action, &qt_sa_old_sigchld_handler);
}

QProcessManager::~QProcessManager()
{
    // notify the thread that we're shutting down.
    qt_safe_write(qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe[1], "@", 1);
    qt_safe_close(qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe[1]);
    wait();

    // on certain unixes, closing the reading end of the pipe will cause
    // select in run() to block forever, rather than return with EBADF.
    qt_safe_close(qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe[0]);

    qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe[0] = -1;
    qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe[1] = -1;

    qDeleteAll(children.values());
    children.clear();

    struct sigaction currentAction;
    ::sigaction(SIGCHLD, 0, &currentAction);
    if (currentAction.sa_sigaction == qt_sa_sigchld_sigaction) {
        ::sigaction(SIGCHLD, &qt_sa_old_sigchld_handler, 0);
    }
}

void QProcessManager::run()
{
    forever {
        fd_set readset;
        FD_ZERO(&readset);
        FD_SET(qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe[0], &readset);

#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
        qDebug() << "QProcessManager::run() waiting for children to die";
#endif

        // block forever, or until activity is detected on the dead child
        // pipe. the only other peers are the SIGCHLD signal handler, and the
        // QProcessManager destructor.
        int nselect = select(qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe[0] + 1, &readset, 0, 0, 0);
        if (nselect < 0) {
            if (errno == EINTR)
                continue;
            break;
        }

        // empty only one byte from the pipe, even though several SIGCHLD
        // signals may have been delivered in the meantime, to avoid race
        // conditions.
        char c;
        if (qt_safe_read(qt_qprocess_deadChild_pipe[0], &c, 1) < 0 || c == '@')
            break;

        // catch any and all children that we can.
        catchDeadChildren();
    }
}

void QProcessManager::catchDeadChildren()
{
    QMutexLocker locker(&mutex);

    // try to catch all children whose pid we have registered, and whose
    // deathPipe is still valid (i.e, we have not already notified it).
    QHash<int, QProcessInfo *>::Iterator it = children.begin();
    while (it != children.end()) {
        // notify all children that they may have died. they need to run
        // waitpid() in their own thread.
        QProcessInfo *info = it.value();
        qt_safe_write(info->deathPipe, "", 1);

#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
        qDebug() << "QProcessManager::run() sending death notice to" << info->process;
#endif
        ++it;
    }
}

static QBasicAtomicInt idCounter = Q_BASIC_ATOMIC_INITIALIZER(1);

void QProcessManager::add(pid_t pid, QProcess *process)
{
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug() << "QProcessManager::add() adding pid" << pid << "process" << process;
#endif

    // insert a new info structure for this process
    QProcessInfo *info = new QProcessInfo;
    info->process = process;
    info->deathPipe = process->d_func()->deathPipe[1];
    info->exitResult = 0;
    info->pid = pid;

    int serial = idCounter.fetchAndAddRelaxed(1);
    process->d_func()->serial = serial;
    children.insert(serial, info);
}

void QProcessManager::remove(QProcess *process)
{
    QMutexLocker locker(&mutex);

    int serial = process->d_func()->serial;
    QProcessInfo *info = children.take(serial);
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    if (info)
        qDebug() << "QProcessManager::remove() removing pid" << info->pid << "process" << info->process;
#endif
    delete info;
}

void QProcessManager::lock()
{
    mutex.lock();
}

void QProcessManager::unlock()
{
    mutex.unlock();
}

static int qt_create_pipe(int *pipe)
{
    if (pipe[0] != -1)
        qt_safe_close(pipe[0]);
    if (pipe[1] != -1)
        qt_safe_close(pipe[1]);
    int pipe_ret = qt_safe_pipe(pipe);
    if (pipe_ret != 0) {
        qWarning("QProcessPrivate::createPipe: Cannot create pipe %p: %s",
                 pipe, qPrintable(qt_error_string(errno)));
    }
    return pipe_ret;
}

void QProcessPrivate::destroyPipe(int *pipe)
{
    if (pipe[1] != -1) {
        qt_safe_close(pipe[1]);
        pipe[1] = -1;
    }
    if (pipe[0] != -1) {
        qt_safe_close(pipe[0]);
        pipe[0] = -1;
    }
}

/*
    Create the pipes to a QProcessPrivate::Channel.

    This function must be called in order: stdin, stdout, stderr
*/
bool QProcessPrivate::createChannel(Channel &channel)
{
    Q_Q(QProcess);

    if (&channel == &stderrChannel && processChannelMode == QProcess::MergedChannels) {
        channel.pipe[0] = -1;
        channel.pipe[1] = -1;
        return true;
    }

    if (channel.type == Channel::Normal) {
        // we're piping this channel to our own process
        if (qt_create_pipe(channel.pipe) != 0)
            return false;

        // create the socket notifiers
        if (threadData->eventDispatcher) {
            if (&channel == &stdinChannel) {
                channel.notifier = new QSocketNotifier(channel.pipe[1],
                                                       QSocketNotifier::Write, q);
                channel.notifier->setEnabled(false);
                QObject::connect(channel.notifier, SIGNAL(activated(int)),
                                 q, SLOT(_q_canWrite()));
            } else {
                channel.notifier = new QSocketNotifier(channel.pipe[0],
                                                       QSocketNotifier::Read, q);
                const char *receiver;
                if (&channel == &stdoutChannel)
                    receiver = SLOT(_q_canReadStandardOutput());
                else
                    receiver = SLOT(_q_canReadStandardError());
                QObject::connect(channel.notifier, SIGNAL(activated(int)),
                                 q, receiver);
            }
        }

        return true;
    } else if (channel.type == Channel::Redirect) {
        // we're redirecting the channel to/from a file
        QByteArray fname = QFile::encodeName(channel.file);

        if (&channel == &stdinChannel) {
            // try to open in read-only mode
            channel.pipe[1] = -1;
            if ( (channel.pipe[0] = qt_safe_open(fname, O_RDONLY)) != -1)
                return true;    // success

            q->setErrorString(QProcess::tr("Could not open input redirection for reading"));
        } else {
            int mode = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT;
            if (channel.append)
                mode |= O_APPEND;
            else
                mode |= O_TRUNC;

            channel.pipe[0] = -1;
            if ( (channel.pipe[1] = qt_safe_open(fname, mode, 0666)) != -1)
                return true; // success

            q->setErrorString(QProcess::tr("Could not open output redirection for writing"));
        }

        // could not open file
        processError = QProcess::FailedToStart;
        emit q->error(processError);
        cleanup();
        return false;
    } else {
        Q_ASSERT_X(channel.process, "QProcess::start", "Internal error");

        Channel *source;
        Channel *sink;

        if (channel.type == Channel::PipeSource) {
            // we are the source
            source = &channel;
            sink = &channel.process->stdinChannel;

            Q_ASSERT(source == &stdoutChannel);
            Q_ASSERT(sink->process == this && sink->type == Channel::PipeSink);
        } else {
            // we are the sink;
            source = &channel.process->stdoutChannel;
            sink = &channel;

            Q_ASSERT(sink == &stdinChannel);
            Q_ASSERT(source->process == this && source->type == Channel::PipeSource);
        }

        if (source->pipe[1] != INVALID_Q_PIPE || sink->pipe[0] != INVALID_Q_PIPE) {
            // already created, do nothing
            return true;
        } else {
            Q_ASSERT(source->pipe[0] == INVALID_Q_PIPE && source->pipe[1] == INVALID_Q_PIPE);
            Q_ASSERT(sink->pipe[0] == INVALID_Q_PIPE && sink->pipe[1] == INVALID_Q_PIPE);

            Q_PIPE pipe[2] = { -1, -1 };
            if (qt_create_pipe(pipe) != 0)
                return false;
            sink->pipe[0] = pipe[0];
            source->pipe[1] = pipe[1];

            return true;
        }
    }
}

QT_BEGIN_INCLUDE_NAMESPACE
#if defined(Q_OS_MAC) && !defined(Q_OS_IOS)
# include <crt_externs.h>
# define environ (*_NSGetEnviron())
#else
  extern char **environ;
#endif
QT_END_INCLUDE_NAMESPACE

QProcessEnvironment QProcessEnvironment::systemEnvironment()
{
    QProcessEnvironment env;
#if !defined(Q_OS_IOS)
    const char *entry;
    for (int count = 0; (entry = environ[count]); ++count) {
        const char *equal = strchr(entry, '=');
        if (!equal)
            continue;

        QByteArray name(entry, equal - entry);
        QByteArray value(equal + 1);
        env.d->hash.insert(QProcessEnvironmentPrivate::Key(name),
                           QProcessEnvironmentPrivate::Value(value));
    }
#endif
    return env;
}

static char **_q_dupEnvironment(const QProcessEnvironmentPrivate::Hash &environment, int *envc)
{
    *envc = 0;
    if (environment.isEmpty())
        return 0;

    // if LD_LIBRARY_PATH exists in the current environment, but
    // not in the environment list passed by the programmer, then
    // copy it over.
#if defined(Q_OS_MAC)
    static const char libraryPath[] = "DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH";
#else
    static const char libraryPath[] = "LD_LIBRARY_PATH";
#endif
    const QByteArray envLibraryPath = qgetenv(libraryPath);
    bool needToAddLibraryPath = !envLibraryPath.isEmpty() &&
                                !environment.contains(QProcessEnvironmentPrivate::Key(QByteArray(libraryPath)));

    char **envp = new char *[environment.count() + 2];
    envp[environment.count()] = 0;
    envp[environment.count() + 1] = 0;

    QProcessEnvironmentPrivate::Hash::ConstIterator it = environment.constBegin();
    const QProcessEnvironmentPrivate::Hash::ConstIterator end = environment.constEnd();
    for ( ; it != end; ++it) {
        QByteArray key = it.key().key;
        QByteArray value = it.value().bytes();
        key.reserve(key.length() + 1 + value.length());
        key.append('=');
        key.append(value);

        envp[(*envc)++] = ::strdup(key.constData());
    }

    if (needToAddLibraryPath)
        envp[(*envc)++] = ::strdup(QByteArray(QByteArray(libraryPath) + '=' +
                                 envLibraryPath).constData());
    return envp;
}

#ifdef Q_OS_MAC
Q_GLOBAL_STATIC(QMutex, cfbundleMutex);
#endif

void QProcessPrivate::startProcess()
{
    Q_Q(QProcess);

#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::startProcess()");
#endif

    processManager()->start();

    // Initialize pipes
    if (!createChannel(stdinChannel) ||
        !createChannel(stdoutChannel) ||
        !createChannel(stderrChannel) ||
        qt_create_pipe(childStartedPipe) != 0 ||
        qt_create_pipe(deathPipe) != 0) {
        processError = QProcess::FailedToStart;
        q->setErrorString(qt_error_string(errno));
        emit q->error(processError);
        cleanup();
        return;
    }

    if (threadData->eventDispatcher) {
        startupSocketNotifier = new QSocketNotifier(childStartedPipe[0],
                                                    QSocketNotifier::Read, q);
        QObject::connect(startupSocketNotifier, SIGNAL(activated(int)),
                         q, SLOT(_q_startupNotification()));
        deathNotifier = new QSocketNotifier(deathPipe[0],
                                            QSocketNotifier::Read, q);
        QObject::connect(deathNotifier, SIGNAL(activated(int)),
                         q, SLOT(_q_processDied()));
    }

    // Start the process (platform dependent)
    q->setProcessState(QProcess::Starting);

    // Create argument list with right number of elements, and set the final
    // one to 0.
    char **argv = new char *[arguments.count() + 2];
    argv[arguments.count() + 1] = 0;

    // Encode the program name.
    QByteArray encodedProgramName = QFile::encodeName(program);
#ifdef Q_OS_MAC
    // allow invoking of .app bundles on the Mac.
    QFileInfo fileInfo(QString::fromUtf8(encodedProgramName.constData()));
    if (encodedProgramName.endsWith(".app") && fileInfo.isDir()) {
        QCFType<CFURLRef> url = CFURLCreateWithFileSystemPath(0,
                                                          QCFString(fileInfo.absoluteFilePath()),
                                                          kCFURLPOSIXPathStyle, true);
        {
            // CFBundle is not reentrant, since CFBundleCreate might return a reference
            // to a cached bundle object. Protect the bundle calls with a mutex lock.
            QMutexLocker lock(cfbundleMutex());
            QCFType<CFBundleRef> bundle = CFBundleCreate(0, url);
            url = CFBundleCopyExecutableURL(bundle);
        }
        if (url) {
            QCFString str = CFURLCopyFileSystemPath(url, kCFURLPOSIXPathStyle);
            encodedProgramName += "/Contents/MacOS/" + static_cast<QString>(str).toUtf8();
        }
    }
#endif

    // Add the program name to the argument list.
    char *dupProgramName = ::strdup(encodedProgramName.constData());
    argv[0] = dupProgramName;

    // Add every argument to the list
    for (int i = 0; i < arguments.count(); ++i) {
        QString arg = arguments.at(i);
#ifdef Q_OS_MAC
        // Mac OS X uses UTF8 for exec, regardless of the system locale.
        argv[i + 1] = ::strdup(arg.toUtf8().constData());
#else
        argv[i + 1] = ::strdup(arg.toLocal8Bit().constData());
#endif
    }

    // Duplicate the environment.
    int envc = 0;
    char **envp = 0;
    if (environment.d.constData()) {
        QProcessEnvironmentPrivate::MutexLocker locker(environment.d);
        envp = _q_dupEnvironment(environment.d.constData()->hash, &envc);
    }

    // Encode the working directory if it's non-empty, otherwise just pass 0.
    const char *workingDirPtr = 0;
    QByteArray encodedWorkingDirectory;
    if (!workingDirectory.isEmpty()) {
        encodedWorkingDirectory = QFile::encodeName(workingDirectory);
        workingDirPtr = encodedWorkingDirectory.constData();
    }

    // If the program does not specify a path, generate a list of possible
    // locations for the binary using the PATH environment variable.
    char **path = 0;
    int pathc = 0;
    if (!program.contains(QLatin1Char('/'))) {
        const QString pathEnv = QString::fromLocal8Bit(::getenv("PATH"));
        if (!pathEnv.isEmpty()) {
            QStringList pathEntries = pathEnv.split(QLatin1Char(':'), QString::SkipEmptyParts);
            if (!pathEntries.isEmpty()) {
                pathc = pathEntries.size();
                path = new char *[pathc + 1];
                path[pathc] = 0;

                for (int k = 0; k < pathEntries.size(); ++k) {
                    QByteArray tmp = QFile::encodeName(pathEntries.at(k));
                    if (!tmp.endsWith('/')) tmp += '/';
                    tmp += encodedProgramName;
                    path[k] = ::strdup(tmp.constData());
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Start the process manager, and fork off the child process.
    processManager()->lock();
#if defined(Q_OS_QNX)
    pid_t childPid = spawnChild(workingDirPtr, argv, envp);
#else
    pid_t childPid = fork();
    int lastForkErrno = errno;
#endif
    if (childPid != 0) {
        // Clean up duplicated memory.
        free(dupProgramName);
        for (int i = 1; i <= arguments.count(); ++i)
            free(argv[i]);
        for (int i = 0; i < envc; ++i)
            free(envp[i]);
        for (int i = 0; i < pathc; ++i)
            free(path[i]);
        delete [] argv;
        delete [] envp;
        delete [] path;
    }

    // This is not a valid check under QNX, because the semantics are
    // different. While under other platforms where fork() may succeed and exec() can still fail,
    // causing the childPid to hold a valid value (and thus evaluating the
    // following if to false), and then signaling the error via
    // childStartedPipe, under QNX on the other hand, spawn() return value will be assigned
    // to childPid (which will be -1 in case of failure). This will force
    // QProcess to cleanup, instead of signaling the error via
    // childStartedPipe. Since it will invalidade the pipes, functions like
    // QProcess::waitForStarted() will fail, for childStartedPipe will be
    // '-1' and mess with the select() calls.
#if !defined(Q_OS_QNX)
    if (childPid < 0) {
        // Cleanup, report error and return
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
        qDebug("fork() failed: %s", qPrintable(qt_error_string(lastForkErrno)));
#endif
        processManager()->unlock();
        q->setProcessState(QProcess::NotRunning);
        processError = QProcess::FailedToStart;
        q->setErrorString(QProcess::tr("Resource error (fork failure): %1").arg(qt_error_string(lastForkErrno)));
        emit q->error(processError);
        cleanup();
        return;
    }

    // Start the child.
    if (childPid == 0) {
        execChild(workingDirPtr, path, argv, envp);
        ::_exit(-1);
    }
#endif

    // Register the child. In the mean time, we can get a SIGCHLD, so we need
    // to keep the lock held to avoid a race to catch the child.
    processManager()->add(childPid, q);
    pid = Q_PID(childPid);
    processManager()->unlock();

    // parent
    // close the ends we don't use and make all pipes non-blocking
    ::fcntl(deathPipe[0], F_SETFL, ::fcntl(deathPipe[0], F_GETFL) | O_NONBLOCK);
    qt_safe_close(childStartedPipe[1]);
    childStartedPipe[1] = -1;

    if (stdinChannel.pipe[0] != -1) {
        qt_safe_close(stdinChannel.pipe[0]);
        stdinChannel.pipe[0] = -1;
    }
    if (stdinChannel.pipe[1] != -1)
        ::fcntl(stdinChannel.pipe[1], F_SETFL, ::fcntl(stdinChannel.pipe[1], F_GETFL) | O_NONBLOCK);

    if (stdoutChannel.pipe[1] != -1) {
        qt_safe_close(stdoutChannel.pipe[1]);
        stdoutChannel.pipe[1] = -1;
    }
    if (stdoutChannel.pipe[0] != -1)
        ::fcntl(stdoutChannel.pipe[0], F_SETFL, ::fcntl(stdoutChannel.pipe[0], F_GETFL) | O_NONBLOCK);

    if (stderrChannel.pipe[1] != -1) {
        qt_safe_close(stderrChannel.pipe[1]);
        stderrChannel.pipe[1] = -1;
    }
    if (stderrChannel.pipe[0] != -1)
        ::fcntl(stderrChannel.pipe[0], F_SETFL, ::fcntl(stderrChannel.pipe[0], F_GETFL) | O_NONBLOCK);
}

#if !defined(Q_OS_QNX)
void QProcessPrivate::execChild(const char *workingDir, char **path, char **argv, char **envp)
{
    ::signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_DFL);         // reset the signal that we ignored

    Q_Q(QProcess);

    // copy the stdin socket (without closing on exec)
    qt_safe_dup2(stdinChannel.pipe[0], STDIN_FILENO, 0);

    // copy the stdout and stderr if asked to
    if (processChannelMode != QProcess::ForwardedChannels) {
        qt_safe_dup2(stdoutChannel.pipe[1], STDOUT_FILENO, 0);

        // merge stdout and stderr if asked to
        if (processChannelMode == QProcess::MergedChannels) {
            qt_safe_dup2(STDOUT_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO, 0);
        } else {
            qt_safe_dup2(stderrChannel.pipe[1], STDERR_FILENO, 0);
        }
    }

    // make sure this fd is closed if execvp() succeeds
    qt_safe_close(childStartedPipe[0]);

    // enter the working directory
    if (workingDir)
        QT_CHDIR(workingDir);

    // this is a virtual call, and it base behavior is to do nothing.
    q->setupChildProcess();

    // execute the process
    if (!envp) {
        qt_safe_execvp(argv[0], argv);
    } else {
        if (path) {
            char **arg = path;
            while (*arg) {
                argv[0] = *arg;
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
                fprintf(stderr, "QProcessPrivate::execChild() searching / starting %s\n", argv[0]);
#endif
                qt_safe_execve(argv[0], argv, envp);
                ++arg;
            }
        } else {
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
            fprintf(stderr, "QProcessPrivate::execChild() starting %s\n", argv[0]);
#endif
            qt_safe_execve(argv[0], argv, envp);
        }
    }

    // notify failure
    QString error = qt_error_string(errno);
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    fprintf(stderr, "QProcessPrivate::execChild() failed (%s), notifying parent process\n", qPrintable(error));
#endif
    qt_safe_write(childStartedPipe[1], error.data(), error.length() * sizeof(QChar));
    qt_safe_close(childStartedPipe[1]);
    childStartedPipe[1] = -1;
}

#endif //Q_OS_QNX

bool QProcessPrivate::processStarted()
{
    ushort buf[errorBufferMax];
    int i = qt_safe_read(childStartedPipe[0], &buf, sizeof buf);
    if (startupSocketNotifier) {
        startupSocketNotifier->setEnabled(false);
        startupSocketNotifier->deleteLater();
        startupSocketNotifier = 0;
    }
    qt_safe_close(childStartedPipe[0]);
    childStartedPipe[0] = -1;

#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::processStarted() == %s", i <= 0 ? "true" : "false");
#endif

    // did we read an error message?
    if (i > 0)
        q_func()->setErrorString(QString((const QChar *)buf, i / sizeof(QChar)));

    return i <= 0;
}

#if defined(Q_OS_QNX)
static pid_t doSpawn(int fd_count, int fd_map[], char **argv, char **envp,
        const char *workingDir, bool spawn_detached)
{
    // A multi threaded QNX Process can't fork so we call spawn() instead.

    struct inheritance inherit;
    memset(&inherit, 0, sizeof(inherit));
    inherit.flags |= SPAWN_SETSID;
    inherit.flags |= SPAWN_CHECK_SCRIPT;
    if (spawn_detached)
        inherit.flags |= SPAWN_NOZOMBIE;
    inherit.flags |= SPAWN_SETSIGDEF;
    sigaddset(&inherit.sigdefault, SIGPIPE); // reset the signal that we ignored

    // enter the working directory
    const char *oldWorkingDir = 0;
    char buff[PATH_MAX + 1];

    if (workingDir) {
        //we need to freeze everyone in order to avoid race conditions with //chdir().
        if (ThreadCtl(_NTO_TCTL_THREADS_HOLD, 0) == -1)
            qWarning("ThreadCtl(): cannot hold threads: %s", qPrintable(qt_error_string(errno)));

        oldWorkingDir = QT_GETCWD(buff, PATH_MAX + 1);
        QT_CHDIR(workingDir);
    }

    pid_t childPid;
    EINTR_LOOP(childPid, ::spawn(argv[0], fd_count, fd_map, &inherit, argv, envp));
    if (childPid == -1) {
        inherit.flags |= SPAWN_SEARCH_PATH;
        EINTR_LOOP(childPid, ::spawn(argv[0], fd_count, fd_map, &inherit, argv, envp));
    }

    if (oldWorkingDir) {
        QT_CHDIR(oldWorkingDir);

        if (ThreadCtl(_NTO_TCTL_THREADS_CONT, 0) == -1)
            qFatal("ThreadCtl(): cannot resume threads: %s", qPrintable(qt_error_string(errno)));
    }

    return childPid;
}

pid_t QProcessPrivate::spawnChild(const char *workingDir, char **argv, char **envp)
{
    // we need to manually fill in fd_map
    // to inherit the file descriptors from
    // the parent
    const int fd_count = sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX);
    QVarLengthArray<int, 1024> fd_map(fd_count);

    for (int i = 3; i < fd_count; ++i) {
        // here we rely that fcntl returns -1 and
        // sets errno to EBADF
        const int flags = ::fcntl(i, F_GETFD);

        fd_map[i] = ((flags >= 0) && !(flags & FD_CLOEXEC))
                  ? i : SPAWN_FDCLOSED;
    }

    switch (processChannelMode) {
    case QProcess::ForwardedChannels:
        fd_map[0] = stdinChannel.pipe[0];
        fd_map[1] = QT_FILENO(stdout);
        fd_map[2] = QT_FILENO(stderr);
        break;
    case QProcess::MergedChannels:
        fd_map[0] = stdinChannel.pipe[0];
        fd_map[1] = stdoutChannel.pipe[1];
        fd_map[2] = stdoutChannel.pipe[1];
        break;
    case QProcess::SeparateChannels:
        fd_map[0] = stdinChannel.pipe[0];
        fd_map[1] = stdoutChannel.pipe[1];
        fd_map[2] = stderrChannel.pipe[1];
        break;
    }

    pid_t childPid = doSpawn(fd_count, fd_map.data(), argv, envp, workingDir, false);

    if (childPid == -1) {
        QString error = qt_error_string(errno);
        qt_safe_write(childStartedPipe[1], error.data(), error.length() * sizeof(QChar));
        qt_safe_close(childStartedPipe[1]);
        childStartedPipe[1] = -1;
    }

    return childPid;
}
#endif // Q_OS_QNX

qint64 QProcessPrivate::bytesAvailableFromStdout() const
{
    int nbytes = 0;
    qint64 available = 0;
    if (::ioctl(stdoutChannel.pipe[0], FIONREAD, (char *) &nbytes) >= 0)
        available = (qint64) nbytes;
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::bytesAvailableFromStdout() == %lld", available);
#endif
    return available;
}

qint64 QProcessPrivate::bytesAvailableFromStderr() const
{
    int nbytes = 0;
    qint64 available = 0;
    if (::ioctl(stderrChannel.pipe[0], FIONREAD, (char *) &nbytes) >= 0)
        available = (qint64) nbytes;
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::bytesAvailableFromStderr() == %lld", available);
#endif
    return available;
}

qint64 QProcessPrivate::readFromStdout(char *data, qint64 maxlen)
{
    qint64 bytesRead = qt_safe_read(stdoutChannel.pipe[0], data, maxlen);
#if defined QPROCESS_DEBUG
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::readFromStdout(%p \"%s\", %lld) == %lld",
           data, qt_prettyDebug(data, bytesRead, 16).constData(), maxlen, bytesRead);
#endif
    return bytesRead;
}

qint64 QProcessPrivate::readFromStderr(char *data, qint64 maxlen)
{
    qint64 bytesRead = qt_safe_read(stderrChannel.pipe[0], data, maxlen);
#if defined QPROCESS_DEBUG
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::readFromStderr(%p \"%s\", %lld) == %lld",
           data, qt_prettyDebug(data, bytesRead, 16).constData(), maxlen, bytesRead);
#endif
    return bytesRead;
}

qint64 QProcessPrivate::writeToStdin(const char *data, qint64 maxlen)
{
    qint64 written = qt_safe_write_nosignal(stdinChannel.pipe[1], data, maxlen);
#if defined QPROCESS_DEBUG
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::writeToStdin(%p \"%s\", %lld) == %lld",
           data, qt_prettyDebug(data, maxlen, 16).constData(), maxlen, written);
    if (written == -1)
        qDebug("QProcessPrivate::writeToStdin(), failed to write (%s)", qPrintable(qt_error_string(errno)));
#endif
    // If the O_NONBLOCK flag is set and If some data can be written without blocking
    // the process, write() will transfer what it can and return the number of bytes written.
    // Otherwise, it will return -1 and set errno to EAGAIN
    if (written == -1 && errno == EAGAIN)
        written = 0;
    return written;
}

void QProcessPrivate::terminateProcess()
{
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::killProcess()");
#endif
    if (pid)
        ::kill(pid_t(pid), SIGTERM);
}

void QProcessPrivate::killProcess()
{
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::killProcess()");
#endif
    if (pid)
        ::kill(pid_t(pid), SIGKILL);
}

static int select_msecs(int nfds, fd_set *fdread, fd_set *fdwrite, int timeout)
{
    if (timeout < 0)
        return qt_safe_select(nfds, fdread, fdwrite, 0, 0);

    struct timeval tv;
    tv.tv_sec = timeout / 1000;
    tv.tv_usec = (timeout % 1000) * 1000;
    return qt_safe_select(nfds, fdread, fdwrite, 0, &tv);
}

/*
   Returns the difference between msecs and elapsed. If msecs is -1,
   however, -1 is returned.
*/
static int qt_timeout_value(int msecs, int elapsed)
{
    if (msecs == -1)
        return -1;

    int timeout = msecs - elapsed;
    return timeout < 0 ? 0 : timeout;
}

bool QProcessPrivate::waitForStarted(int msecs)
{
    Q_Q(QProcess);

#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::waitForStarted(%d) waiting for child to start (fd = %d)", msecs,
       childStartedPipe[0]);
#endif

    fd_set fds;
    FD_ZERO(&fds);
    FD_SET(childStartedPipe[0], &fds);
    if (select_msecs(childStartedPipe[0] + 1, &fds, 0, msecs) == 0) {
        processError = QProcess::Timedout;
        q->setErrorString(QProcess::tr("Process operation timed out"));
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
        qDebug("QProcessPrivate::waitForStarted(%d) == false (timed out)", msecs);
#endif
        return false;
    }

    bool startedEmitted = _q_startupNotification();
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::waitForStarted() == %s", startedEmitted ? "true" : "false");
#endif
    return startedEmitted;
}

bool QProcessPrivate::waitForReadyRead(int msecs)
{
    Q_Q(QProcess);
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::waitForReadyRead(%d)", msecs);
#endif

    QElapsedTimer stopWatch;
    stopWatch.start();

    forever {
        fd_set fdread;
        fd_set fdwrite;

        FD_ZERO(&fdread);
        FD_ZERO(&fdwrite);

        int nfds = deathPipe[0];
        FD_SET(deathPipe[0], &fdread);

        if (processState == QProcess::Starting)
            add_fd(nfds, childStartedPipe[0], &fdread);

        if (stdoutChannel.pipe[0] != -1)
            add_fd(nfds, stdoutChannel.pipe[0], &fdread);
        if (stderrChannel.pipe[0] != -1)
            add_fd(nfds, stderrChannel.pipe[0], &fdread);

        if (!writeBuffer.isEmpty() && stdinChannel.pipe[1] != -1)
            add_fd(nfds, stdinChannel.pipe[1], &fdwrite);

        int timeout = qt_timeout_value(msecs, stopWatch.elapsed());
        int ret = select_msecs(nfds + 1, &fdread, &fdwrite, timeout);
        if (ret < 0) {
            break;
        }
        if (ret == 0) {
            processError = QProcess::Timedout;
            q->setErrorString(QProcess::tr("Process operation timed out"));
        return false;
    }

    if (childStartedPipe[0] != -1 && FD_ISSET(childStartedPipe[0], &fdread)) {
            if (!_q_startupNotification())
                return false;
    }

        bool readyReadEmitted = false;
    if (stdoutChannel.pipe[0] != -1 && FD_ISSET(stdoutChannel.pipe[0], &fdread)) {
        bool canRead = _q_canReadStandardOutput();
            if (processChannel == QProcess::StandardOutput && canRead)
                readyReadEmitted = true;
    }
    if (stderrChannel.pipe[0] != -1 && FD_ISSET(stderrChannel.pipe[0], &fdread)) {
        bool canRead = _q_canReadStandardError();
            if (processChannel == QProcess::StandardError && canRead)
                readyReadEmitted = true;
    }
        if (readyReadEmitted)
            return true;

    if (stdinChannel.pipe[1] != -1 && FD_ISSET(stdinChannel.pipe[1], &fdwrite))
        _q_canWrite();

    if (deathPipe[0] == -1 || FD_ISSET(deathPipe[0], &fdread)) {
            if (_q_processDied())
                return false;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

bool QProcessPrivate::waitForBytesWritten(int msecs)
{
    Q_Q(QProcess);
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::waitForBytesWritten(%d)", msecs);
#endif

    QElapsedTimer stopWatch;
    stopWatch.start();

    while (!writeBuffer.isEmpty()) {
        fd_set fdread;
        fd_set fdwrite;

        FD_ZERO(&fdread);
        FD_ZERO(&fdwrite);

        int nfds = deathPipe[0];
        FD_SET(deathPipe[0], &fdread);

        if (processState == QProcess::Starting)
            add_fd(nfds, childStartedPipe[0], &fdread);

        if (stdoutChannel.pipe[0] != -1)
            add_fd(nfds, stdoutChannel.pipe[0], &fdread);
        if (stderrChannel.pipe[0] != -1)
            add_fd(nfds, stderrChannel.pipe[0], &fdread);


        if (!writeBuffer.isEmpty() && stdinChannel.pipe[1] != -1)
            add_fd(nfds, stdinChannel.pipe[1], &fdwrite);

    int timeout = qt_timeout_value(msecs, stopWatch.elapsed());
    int ret = select_msecs(nfds + 1, &fdread, &fdwrite, timeout);
        if (ret < 0) {
            break;
        }

        if (ret == 0) {
        processError = QProcess::Timedout;
        q->setErrorString(QProcess::tr("Process operation timed out"));
        return false;
    }

    if (childStartedPipe[0] != -1 && FD_ISSET(childStartedPipe[0], &fdread)) {
        if (!_q_startupNotification())
        return false;
    }

    if (stdinChannel.pipe[1] != -1 && FD_ISSET(stdinChannel.pipe[1], &fdwrite))
        return _q_canWrite();

    if (stdoutChannel.pipe[0] != -1 && FD_ISSET(stdoutChannel.pipe[0], &fdread))
        _q_canReadStandardOutput();

    if (stderrChannel.pipe[0] != -1 && FD_ISSET(stderrChannel.pipe[0], &fdread))
        _q_canReadStandardError();

    if (deathPipe[0] == -1 || FD_ISSET(deathPipe[0], &fdread)) {
            if (_q_processDied())
                return false;
        }
    }

    return false;
}

bool QProcessPrivate::waitForFinished(int msecs)
{
    Q_Q(QProcess);
#if defined (QPROCESS_DEBUG)
    qDebug("QProcessPrivate::waitForFinished(%d)", msecs);
#endif

    QElapsedTimer stopWatch;
    stopWatch.start();

    forever {
        fd_set fdread;
        fd_set fdwrite;
        int nfds = -1;

        FD_ZERO(&fdread);
        FD_ZERO(&fdwrite);

        if (processState == QProcess::Starting)
            add_fd(nfds, childStartedPipe[0], &fdread);

        if (stdoutChannel.pipe[0] != -1)
            add_fd(nfds, stdoutChannel.pipe[0], &fdread);
        if (stderrChannel.pipe[0] != -1)
            add_fd(nfds, stderrChannel.pipe[0], &fdread);

        if (processState == QProcess::Running)
            add_fd(nfds, deathPipe[0], &fdread);

        if (!writeBuffer.isEmpty() && stdinChannel.pipe[1] != -1)
            add_fd(nfds, stdinChannel.pipe[1], &fdwrite);

    int timeout = qt_timeout_value(msecs, stopWatch.elapsed());
    int ret = select_msecs(nfds + 1, &fdread, &fdwrite, timeout);
        if (ret < 0) {
            break;
        }
    if (ret == 0) {
        processError = QProcess::Timedout;
        q->setErrorString(QProcess::tr("Process operation timed out"));
        return false;
    }

    if (childStartedPipe[0] != -1 && FD_ISSET(childStartedPipe[0], &fdread)) {
        if (!_q_startupNotification())
        return false;
    }
    if (stdinChannel.pipe[1] != -1 && FD_ISSET(stdinChannel.pipe[1], &fdwrite))
        _q_canWrite();

    if (stdoutChannel.pipe[0] != -1 && FD_ISSET(stdoutChannel.pipe[0], &fdread))
        _q_canReadStandardOutput();

    if (stderrChannel.pipe[0] != -1 && FD_ISSET(stderrChannel.pipe[0], &fdread))
        _q_canReadStandardError();

    if (deathPipe[0] == -1 || FD_ISSET(deathPipe[0], &fdread)) {
            if (_q_processDied())
                return true;
    }
    }
    return false;
}

bool QProcessPrivate::waitForWrite(int msecs)
{
    fd_set fdwrite;
    FD_ZERO(&fdwrite);
    FD_SET(stdinChannel.pipe[1], &fdwrite);
    return select_msecs(stdinChannel.pipe[1] + 1, 0, &fdwrite, msecs < 0 ? 0 : msecs) == 1;
}

void QProcessPrivate::findExitCode()
{
    Q_Q(QProcess);
    processManager()->remove(q);
}

bool QProcessPrivate::waitForDeadChild()
{
    Q_Q(QProcess);

    // read a byte from the death pipe
    char c;
    qt_safe_read(deathPipe[0], &c, 1);

    // check if our process is dead
    int exitStatus;
    if (qt_safe_waitpid(pid_t(pid), &exitStatus, WNOHANG) > 0) {
        processManager()->remove(q);
        crashed = !WIFEXITED(exitStatus);
        exitCode = WEXITSTATUS(exitStatus);
#if defined QPROCESS_DEBUG
        qDebug() << "QProcessPrivate::waitForDeadChild() dead with exitCode"
                 << exitCode << ", crashed?" << crashed;
#endif
        return true;
    }
#if defined QPROCESS_DEBUG
    qDebug() << "QProcessPrivate::waitForDeadChild() not dead!";
#endif
    return false;
}

void QProcessPrivate::_q_notified()
{
}

#if defined(Q_OS_QNX)
bool QProcessPrivate::startDetached(const QString &program, const QStringList &arguments, const QString &workingDirectory, qint64 *pid)
{
    const int fd_count = 3;
    int fd_map[fd_count] = { QT_FILENO(stdin), QT_FILENO(stdout), QT_FILENO(stderr) };

    QList<QByteArray> enc_args;
    enc_args.append(QFile::encodeName(program));
    for (int i = 0; i < arguments.size(); ++i)
        enc_args.append(arguments.at(i).toLocal8Bit());

    const int argc = enc_args.size();
    QScopedArrayPointer<char*> raw_argv(new char*[argc + 1]);
    for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i)
        raw_argv[i] = const_cast<char *>(enc_args.at(i).data());
    raw_argv[argc] = 0;

    char **envp = 0; // inherit environment

    // Encode the working directory if it's non-empty, otherwise just pass 0.
    const char *workingDirPtr = 0;
    QByteArray encodedWorkingDirectory;
    if (!workingDirectory.isEmpty()) {
        encodedWorkingDirectory = QFile::encodeName(workingDirectory);
        workingDirPtr = encodedWorkingDirectory.constData();
    }

    pid_t childPid = doSpawn(fd_count, fd_map, raw_argv.data(), envp, workingDirPtr, true);
    if (pid && childPid != -1)
        *pid = childPid;

    return childPid != -1;
}

#else

bool QProcessPrivate::startDetached(const QString &program, const QStringList &arguments, const QString &workingDirectory, qint64 *pid)
{
    processManager()->start();

    QByteArray encodedWorkingDirectory = QFile::encodeName(workingDirectory);

    // To catch the startup of the child
    int startedPipe[2];
    if (qt_safe_pipe(startedPipe) != 0)
        return false;
    // To communicate the pid of the child
    int pidPipe[2];
    if (qt_safe_pipe(pidPipe) != 0) {
        qt_safe_close(startedPipe[0]);
        qt_safe_close(startedPipe[1]);
        return false;
    }

    pid_t childPid = fork();
    if (childPid == 0) {
        struct sigaction noaction;
        memset(&noaction, 0, sizeof(noaction));
        noaction.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
        ::sigaction(SIGPIPE, &noaction, 0);

        ::setsid();

        qt_safe_close(startedPipe[0]);
        qt_safe_close(pidPipe[0]);

        pid_t doubleForkPid = fork();
        if (doubleForkPid == 0) {
            qt_safe_close(pidPipe[1]);

            if (!encodedWorkingDirectory.isEmpty())
                QT_CHDIR(encodedWorkingDirectory.constData());

            char **argv = new char *[arguments.size() + 2];
            for (int i = 0; i < arguments.size(); ++i) {
#ifdef Q_OS_MAC
                argv[i + 1] = ::strdup(arguments.at(i).toUtf8().constData());
#else
                argv[i + 1] = ::strdup(arguments.at(i).toLocal8Bit().constData());
#endif
            }
            argv[arguments.size() + 1] = 0;

            if (!program.contains(QLatin1Char('/'))) {
                const QString path = QString::fromLocal8Bit(::getenv("PATH"));
                if (!path.isEmpty()) {
                    QStringList pathEntries = path.split(QLatin1Char(':'));
                    for (int k = 0; k < pathEntries.size(); ++k) {
                        QByteArray tmp = QFile::encodeName(pathEntries.at(k));
                        if (!tmp.endsWith('/')) tmp += '/';
                        tmp += QFile::encodeName(program);
                        argv[0] = tmp.data();
                        qt_safe_execv(argv[0], argv);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                QByteArray tmp = QFile::encodeName(program);
                argv[0] = tmp.data();
                qt_safe_execv(argv[0], argv);
            }

            struct sigaction noaction;
            memset(&noaction, 0, sizeof(noaction));
            noaction.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
            ::sigaction(SIGPIPE, &noaction, 0);

            // '\1' means execv failed
            char c = '\1';
            qt_safe_write(startedPipe[1], &c, 1);
            qt_safe_close(startedPipe[1]);
            ::_exit(1);
        } else if (doubleForkPid == -1) {
            struct sigaction noaction;
            memset(&noaction, 0, sizeof(noaction));
            noaction.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
            ::sigaction(SIGPIPE, &noaction, 0);

            // '\2' means internal error
            char c = '\2';
            qt_safe_write(startedPipe[1], &c, 1);
        }

        qt_safe_close(startedPipe[1]);
        qt_safe_write(pidPipe[1], (const char *)&doubleForkPid, sizeof(pid_t));
        QT_CHDIR("/");
        ::_exit(1);
    }

    qt_safe_close(startedPipe[1]);
    qt_safe_close(pidPipe[1]);

    if (childPid == -1) {
        qt_safe_close(startedPipe[0]);
        qt_safe_close(pidPipe[0]);
        return false;
    }

    char reply = '\0';
    int startResult = qt_safe_read(startedPipe[0], &reply, 1);
    int result;
    qt_safe_close(startedPipe[0]);
    qt_safe_waitpid(childPid, &result, 0);
    bool success = (startResult != -1 && reply == '\0');
    if (success && pid) {
        pid_t actualPid = 0;
        if (qt_safe_read(pidPipe[0], (char *)&actualPid, sizeof(pid_t)) == sizeof(pid_t)) {
            *pid = actualPid;
        } else {
            *pid = 0;
        }
    }
    qt_safe_close(pidPipe[0]);
    return success;
}
#endif // Q_OS_QNX

void QProcessPrivate::initializeProcessManager()
{
    (void) processManager();
}

QT_END_NAMESPACE

#include "qprocess_unix.moc"

#endif // QT_NO_PROCESS